HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY LEVELS
The individual, when it comes to the world until they reach maturity, passes through four developmental levels or psychological. In any mature level
a mental structure tied to any one form of thought: FIGURATIVE or Opera. The FIGURATIVE THOUGHT is perceptual and imitated, FANTASTIC. It includes REALITY 'IN ITS STATIC': the being of things.
The operational thought. Which can be concrete or abstract, does not stop to things as they are perceived and experienced, but the knowledge of things is taken as the starting point for work for the transformation on them.
E 'concrete when it is linked to the experience. E 'abstract when it transcends the experience as material. And abstraction, in turn, takes place in two different ways. In the first mode is abstracted from reality which it is or appears and is therefore directly linked with experience.
This type of abstraction are related empirical knowledge (eg, the child who has two hand weights abstracts that have different weights, etc.)..
In the second case does not directly abstracted from reality, but from the operations performed on it (eg, if I take ten pebbles and put them in a certain order I get ten, but change the order I always get ten, thus making these various operations on the truth - the pebbles - I got a knowledge that is not necessarily linked to it, but is related to the transactions that I made on it. In this case I discovered PROPERTY 'COMMUTATIVE. This is an intellectual that only the subject could operate, even if it is inherent in reality).
Piaget calls the first type of simple abstraction abstraction abstraction reflecting the second. In this last definition, however, Piaget gives a dual meaning.
In the first meaning, which should be attributed "to the evolutionary transition from one level lower, where the conscious reflection is absent or minimal, at a higher level" (Inhelder, 1982: 414), abstraction is operating on real data of their experience concrete (see the case of the pebbles). In this sense, abstraction is defined properly reflective.
In the second meaning, the individual is able to coordinate and organize activities with those that already have (Inhelder, 1982: 414). When the individual has acquired this ability, has reached the formal thinking, which is more advanced than man has ever achieved.
The reality is completely transcended in order to advance hypotheses, build models, to establish theories, etc.., In contrast with the data of experience.
"It 's clear that the mental processes that are activated in the formal operations are very complex and abstract ... They are, in fact, at the base of scientific thought (Flavell, 1963).
Only a quarter of adolescents and third adults are able to reach the level of formal operations (Kuhn, Hanger, Kohlberg e Hoan, 1977) .
Ci sono degli individui che sono incapaci di raggiungere il livello delle ASTRAZIONI FORMALI, anche se alcuni possono raggiungere questo livello in modi più appropriati alle loro attitudini, come, per esempio, nel campo delle specializzazioni professionali (Piaget).
Il livello delle OPERAZIONI FORMALI non è universalmente raggiunto da tutti gli individui. E chi lo raggiunge non ha la certezza di averlo raggiunto in via definitiva e conservarlo (Neimark, 1975).
In altre parole, può accadere che un adolescente, che ha raggiunto il livello delle operazioni formali quando frequentava le lezioni di fisica e chimica ad alto livello, può, dopo pochi anni, dimenticare il processo logico di approccio che egli usava e, perciò, trovarsi in difficoltà quando deve risolvere un problema quotidiano che richiede una attenta e meditata analisi logica (Watron-Lindgen,1979: 128).
CONTINUA
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