Friday, January 28, 2011

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IN SEARCH OF OUR ROOTS 3

THE CONTRIBUTION OF CIVILIZATION 'EGYPTIAN

1) THE LIFE
optimistic view of the Egyptians, unlike the people of Mesopotamia, had an optimistic view of life. The benign nature had been with them. They had a river that carried its fertile flood in the summer months. In autumn, at the time of sowing, the waters retreated and left the fertilized soil ready for planting.

To know the seasons of field work, they did not need to study the sky. The withdrawal of the waters of the river was the signal that the time of sowing had arrived and they were sure that the harvest would be completed before the next flood.

Their gods were benign. They were gods of justice. They had formed a social order for their unchanging over time just because. Everything had been prepared per rendere la loro vita più facile.

A reggere quest'ordine di giustizia c'era il faraone, che era il garante della continuità voluta dagli dèi. Il faraone stesso era figlio degli dèi e, alla sua morte, li avrebbe raggiunti.

2) LE TECNICHE DELLA MUMMIFICAZIONE COME ESIGENZA SPIRITUALE
La morte era un elemento molto importante per gli Egiziani. La vita non finiva con la morte. Essa continuava, così come era stata vissuta in terra, in qualche luogo nell'al di là.

Nel momento della morte, l'anima immortale del defunto lo lasciava per andare a fare il suo viaggio celeste, ma essa sarebbe ritornata per abitarlo per sempre se esso veniva conservato. Se non lo trovava, essa would be lost forever.

The preservation of bodies came to fill this need of a spiritual nature: after death, the immortal soul should inhabit a body made immortal by the technical man.

3) MEDICINE AND SURGERY
The Egyptians had reached a great perfection in the 'art of medicine. They were known throughout the ancient world for their skill in the preparation of medicines (Pharmacopoeia). They had a perfect knowledge of anatomy and were very experienced in what we today call medicine specialist.

gynecology, surgery and neurosurgery were the three industries in which they excelled. Their work was also high demand outside the boundaries state.

One of the most famous medical schools of medieval Europe, the Salerno, his teaching was based, in large part, on Egyptian medicine.

4) GEOMETRY
The Nile River, with its annual floods, was a source of life and wealth. And created problems. Its full they could not be included in its natural locus. They overflowed and invaded almost everything, the surrounding rural land clearing limits and boundaries of the fields.

The geometry was created to respond to this challenge of nature. After every flood, the fields had to be re-tested to the limits and boundaries back to their old place. But

geometria degli Egiziani era un'attività esclusivamente pratica che esauriva il suo compito con la misurazione dei campi. Essa non raggiunse mai il livello di scienza.

Chi le darà un rigore logico e la eleverà al rango di scienza saranno i Greci, che, con Euclide, forniranno alle generazioni future un potente mezzo per la loro formazione intellettuale.

5) LA CARTA-PAPIRO
Le prime scritture della storia furono vergate, con uno stiletto, su delle tavolette di argilla 4x4 che poi venivano essiccate al sole.

Gli Egiziani avevano un arbusto milleusi che cresceva sulle rive del fiume Nilo. Data la sua forte resistenza, gli Egiziani avevano imparato ad utilizzarlo in tanti modi different. The

also used in the construction of boats. But they also learned to work his flesh in order to obtain a paste, spread and dried, gave the roll-paper on which you could write.

This was the card that was used in Europe during the Middle Ages and until it was introduced in the paper "Chinese" in the fifteenth century of our era.

Saturday, January 15, 2011

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IN SEARCH OF OUR ROOTS 2

THE CONTRIBUTION OF CIVILIZATION 'Mesopotamia to the HISTORY OF MANKIND

1) THE GIFT OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture was the great discovery of the Neolithic man. A discovery that changed the destinies of man and walked toward the formation of the first great civilizations.

The first organized form of agriculture that we know is that sort in the lowlands of Mesopotamia, land of Sumer. It was obtained through irrigated agriculture a titanic effort from the man who harnessed the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by raising funnel, who challenged and won their destructive force.

The Tigris and the Euphrates brought their fertile flood in spring and created, with their floods, a swampy plain where living conditions were difficult, if not impossible.

Human ingenuity was to meet the challenge of nature and make this swampy plain, but rich in humus fertilizer, the cradle of civilization.

2) The first urban centers
The city has been the crucible of civilization. When the Neolithic village was transformed into an urban center organized politically do not know. We know that in the fourth millennium BC, in the lowlands of Mesopotamia, there are a number of cities with a complex organization that we have given the name of the state. These cities

fixed the model of political and social organization that also will feature, with appropriate variations, all the successive civilizations.
At the top of the city-state was a priest-king, who had absolute powers that derived not from the people they manage, but by the god of which he was a priest and era il vero ed unico signore di tutto: uomini e cose.

L'uomo, in questi centri urbani, era solo un essere vivente indistinto. Non aveva diritti. Nemmeno quello all'esistenza. La sua vita era al servizio del tempio ed apparteneva al dio della città, che lo aveva creato per svolgere questa funzione.

3) LA SCRITTURA
Con l'invenzione della scrittura l'uomo fece un grande balzo in avanti sulla strada della sua evoluzione come animale sociale. Lasciava la preistoria ed entrava nella storia. La sua memoria del passato non doveva più essere affidata al ricordo delle generazioni, che la trasmettevano oralmente da padre in figlio e da nonno a nipote, ma veniva affidata allo scritto che era più attendibile e più long-lasting and, above all ensure the effective cumulative knowledge.

This effect has enabled and ensured the tremendous cultural evolution of man that made him absolute ruler of nature and is projecting the celestial spaces in search of the truth about his fate and those of the cosmos, who in vain sought through intuition and myth when it appeared for the first time to civilization.

4) WHEEL
The key feature of 'man is his ability to solve problems-skills in order to facilitate its existence. This was true when the first stone was polished and it is true today when he invented the microwave oven. The solution of a problem has always been a prerequisite for the solution of the next.

When organized in stable communities, the man began to manufacture of pottery for cooking, water conservation, etc.. The first pottery was molded by hand, but soon he realized that if used as a support, a piece of round wood, and made him turn and molded the clay, it takes on a more perfect and more homogeneous. Thus it was that was invented the potter's wheel.

And that was the premise to the invention of the wheel of the wagon. This invention when matured in the mind of man leaned out the idea of \u200b\u200bthe axis holding the two wheels. The wheel created the conditions not only to revolutionize transportation, but also to disrupt the art of war.

5) OBSERVATION OF THE STARS
The observation of the stars of the first activities was a heavenly man "caught." He watched the stars and not so much not only to admire the extraordinary beauty and ask the first questions about the reason for its existence and that of the cosmos.

He watched them because he understood that the agricultural activities were tied to fixed times which could not be removed or revolutionized and he had no knowledge of the passing of time.

knew and saw that the days were alternated. He knew and saw that the moon appeared and disappeared for long periods. He knew and saw that the cold and warm periods alternated. He knew and could see that if the seed was planted in a certain period, the yield was more abundant, but did not know how to determine with certainty because this period had no reference point.

The observation of stars was born to meet the need of finding a point of reference, immutable and give an order to spend time staring at the seasons of the various agricultural activities: the time of sowing, harvest time, the time working the fields, etc..

6) THE INVENTION OF MATHEMATICS The mathematics
began as a practical need for a company that became wealth producing ever larger and which should be taken into account. The first operations were simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
But the curiosity of the human mind did exceed this level, and soon began to develop very complex (even for our day) as the Pythagorean theorem, the cubic equations, and so on.

In their ancient history, civilizations of Mesopotamia developed a very advanced mathematics, but were unable to get to the development of a mathematical science. Give an order to all the knowledge they had developed and accumulated in this field was an operation of mind that went beyond their ability to pensiero, che era, e rimase per millenni, pre-logico.

7) LA VISIONE PESSIMISTICA DELLA VITA
L'uomo mesopotamico aveva una visione pessimistica della vita. Credeva di essere stato creato per servire gli dèi e i loro rappresentanti in terra: i re-sacerdoti.
Era l'ambiente stesso che lo portava a queste conclusioni. Da solo era impotente contro una natura che non era stata benigna. Ogni pezzo di suolo coltivabile era stato strappato agli straripamenti primaverili dei fiumi Tigri ed Eufrate con enormi sforzi collettivi che venivano attribuiti alla volontà degli dèi.

Gli dèi avevano creato tutto sin dalle origini. Ogni oggetto, ogni attrezzo era stato creato dagli dèi. La funzione dell'uomo was to produce for the temple. Except for the small pleasures, he should not expect anything from life.

Neither had hopes of improving his position in the hereafter. The vision that lay ahead was an eternity of suffering even more. The gods were not benign. They were terrible and the most ruthless and had total dominance over him.

Monday, January 3, 2011

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF CIVILIZATION 'Mesopotamia to the HISTORY OF MANKIND

1) THE GIFT OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture was the great discovery of the Neolithic man. A discovery that changed the destinies of man and walked toward the formation of the first great civilizations. The first

forma di agricoltura organizzata che conosciamo è quella sorta nella bassa pianura della Mesopotamia, terra dei Sumeri. Essa fu un'agricoltura irrigua ottenuta attraverso uno sforzo titanico da parte dell'uomo, che imbrigliò le acque dei fiumi Tigri ed Eufrate mediante un'opera di canalizzazione, che sfidò e vinse la loro forza distruttrice.

Il Tigri e l'Eufrate portavano le loro fertilissime piene in primavera e creavano, con i loro straripamenti, una pianura paludosa dove le condizioni di vita erano difficili, se non impossibili.

L'ingegno dell'uomo fu quello di vincere la sfida della natura e rendere questa pianura paludosa, ma ricca di humus fertilizzante, la culla della civiltà.

2) The first urban centers
The city has been the crucible of civilization. When the Neolithic village was transformed into an urban center organized politically do not know. We know that in the fourth millennium BC, in the lowlands of Mesopotamia, there are a number of cities with a complex organization that we have given the name of the state. These cities

fixed the model of political and social organization that also will feature, with appropriate variations, all the successive civilizations.

At the top of the city-state was a priest-king, who had absolute powers that derived not from the people they manage, but by the god of which he was a priest and was the true and only Lord of all: men and things.

The man, in these urban centers, it was just a living being indistinct. He had no rights. Not even existence. His life was in the service of the temple and belonged to the god of the city, which had created to perform this function.

3) WRITING
With the invention of writing the man made a great leap forward on the path of its evolution as a social animal. He left and went into the prehistoric history. His memory of the past should no longer be entrusted to the memory of the generations that passed on orally from father to son and grandfather to grandson, but was assigned to the script that was more reliable and more long-lasting and, above all ensure the effective cumulative knowledge.

This effect has enabled and ensured the tremendous cultural evolution of man that made him absolute ruler of nature and is projecting the celestial spaces in search of the truth about his fate and those of the cosmos, who in vain sought through intuition and myth when it appeared for the first time to civilization.

4) WHEEL
The key feature of 'man is his ability to solve problems-skills in order to facilitate its existence. This was true when the first stone was polished and it is true today when he invented the microwave oven. The solution of a problem has always been a prerequisite for the solution of the next.

When organized in stable communities, the man began to manufacture of pottery for cooking, water conservation, etc.. The first pottery was molded by hand, but soon he realized that if used as a support, a piece of round wood, and made him turn and molded the clay, it takes on a more perfect and more homogeneous. Thus it was that was invented the potter's wheel.

And that was the premise to the invention of the wheel of the wagon. This invention when matured in the mind of man leaned out the idea of \u200b\u200bthe axis reggeva le due ruote. La ruota creò le condizioni non solo per rivoluzionare il trasporto, ma anche per sconvolgere l'arte della guerra.

5) L'OSSERVAZIONE DEGLI ASTRI
L'osservazione degli astri celesti fu una delle prime attività dell'uomo "colto". Egli osservava gli astri non solo e non tanto per ammirarne la straordinaria bellezza e porsi le prime domande sul perchè della sua esistenza e quella del cosmo.

Egli li osservava perchè aveva capito che le attività agricole erano legate a dei tempi fissi che non potevano essere elusi o rivoluzionati ed egli non aveva nessuna cognizione del trascorrere del tempo.

Sapeva e vedeva che i giorni si alternavano. Sapeva e vedeva che la moon appeared and disappeared for long periods. He knew and saw that the cold and warm periods alternated. He knew and could see that if the seed was planted in a certain period, the yield was more abundant, but did not know how to determine with certainty because this period had no reference point.

The observation of stars was born to meet the need of finding a point of reference, immutable and give an order to spend time staring at the seasons of the various agricultural activities: the time of sowing, harvest time, the time working the fields, etc..

6) THE INVENTION OF MATHEMATICS The mathematics
began as a practical need for a company that became produttrice di ricchezze sempre più vaste e di cui si doveva tenere conto. Le prime operazioni furono semplici addizioni, sottrazioni, moltiplicazioni e divisioni.

Ma la curiosità della mente dell'uomo fece superare ben presto questo livello e si incominciarono ad elaborare operazioni molto complesse (anche per i nostri giorni) come il teorema di Pitagora, le equazioni di terzo grado, ecc.

Nello loro storia plurimillenaria, le civiltà mesopotamiche svilupparono una matematica molto avanzata, ma non seppero arrivare allo sviluppo di una scienza matematica. Dare un ordine a tutte le conoscenze che avevano sviluppato ed accumulato in questo campo era un'operazione mentale che andava al di là della loro capacità di pensiero, che era, e rimase per millenni, pre-logico.

7) LA VISIONE PESSIMISTICA DELLA VITA
L'uomo mesopotamico aveva una visione pessimistica della vita. Credeva di essere stato creato per servire gli dèi e i loro rappresentanti in terra: i re-sacerdoti.
Era l'ambiente stesso che lo portava a queste conclusioni. Da solo era impotente contro una natura che non era stata benigna. Ogni pezzo di suolo coltivabile era stato strappato agli straripamenti primaverili dei fiumi Tigri ed Eufrate con enormi sforzi collettivi che venivano attribuiti alla volontà degli dèi.

Gli dèi avevano creato tutto sin dalle origini. Ogni oggetto, ogni attrezzo era stato creato dagli dèi. La funzione dell'uomo era quella di produrre per il tempio. Tranne i piccoli piaceri, egli non doveva aspettarsi nulla dalla vita.

Nè aveva speranza di migliorare la sua situazione nell'al di là. La visione che gli si prospettava era un'eternità di sofferenze ancora maggiori. Gli dèi non erano benigni. Erano terribili e spietati ed avevano il più totale predominio su di lui.